Complete SQL Data Filtering Guide: WHERE, IN, BETWEEN, LIKE & NULL Explained

SQL Filtering Data: The Ultimate Beginner's Guide (WHERE, AND, OR, IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, IS NULL)

Published: August 2026 | Read Time: 25 mins | Dual Language: English & हिन्दी (Devanagari)

Table of Contents

• 1. Sample Database Setup
• 2. SQL WHERE Clause
• 3. SQL AND Operator
• 4. SQL OR Operator
• 5. SQL IN Operator
• 6. SQL BETWEEN Operator
• 7. SQL LIKE Operator & Wildcards
• 8. SQL IS NULL & IS NOT NULL
• 9. Operator Comparison Tables
• 10. Mini Real-World Project
• 11. Key Takeaways Summary
• 12. 25 SQL Interview Questions
• 13. 25 Practice Questions
• 14. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Sample Database Setup (छात्र और कर्मचारी तालिकाएं)

Before learning how to filter data, we need sample data to run our queries on. Throughout this entire guide, we will use two primary tables: Students and Employees.

डेटा को फ़िल्टर करना सीखने से पहले, हमें अपनी क्वेरीज़ चलाने के लिए सैंपल डेटा की आवश्यकता होती है। इस पूरे गाइड में, हम दो मुख्य तालिकाओं का उपयोग करेंगे: Students और Employees।

Table 1: Students

StudentID	FirstName	LastName	Age	Grade	City	Marks
1	Rahul	Sharma	15	10	Delhi	85.5
2	Priya	Verma	14	9	Mumbai	92.0
3	Amit	Patel	16	10	Ahmedabad	NULL
4	Neha	Singh	15	10	Delhi	68.0
5	Rohan	Gupta	14	9	Bangalore	74.5
6	Ananya	Das	16	11	Kolkata	95.0

Table 2: Employees

EmpID	EmpName	Department	Salary	JoiningDate	ManagerID
101	Aarav Mehta	IT	75000	2021-03-15	NULL
102	Sanya Malhotra	HR	50000	2022-06-01	101
103	Vikram Rathore	IT	85000	2020-01-10	101
104	Kavita Roy	Finance	60000	2023-08-20	102
105	Rajesh Kumar	Sales	45000	2022-11-12	102

2. SQL WHERE Clause (डेटा फ़िल्टर करना)

The WHERE clause is used to filter records from a database table based on a specific condition. It extracts only those records that satisfy the specified condition.

WHERE क्लॉज का उपयोग किसी विशिष्ट शर्त (condition) के आधार पर डेटाबेस टेबल से रिकॉर्ड्स को फ़िल्टर करने के लिए किया जाता है। यह केवल उन्हीं रिकॉर्ड्स को निकालता है जो निर्दिष्ट शर्त को पूरा करते हैं।

Real-Life Analogy (वास्तविक जीवन का उदाहरण)

Imagine asking a school teacher: "Show me the list of students who live in Delhi." You don't want all students; you only want students filtered by city = 'Delhi'. That filter is the WHERE clause.

सोचिए कि आप एक शिक्षक से पूछते हैं: "मुझे उन छात्रों की सूची दिखाएं जो दिल्ली में रहते हैं।" आप सभी छात्र नहीं चाहते; आप केवल शहर = 'दिल्ली' से फ़िल्टर किए गए छात्र चाहते हैं। वही फ़िल्टर WHERE क्लॉज है।

Syntax (सिंटैक्स)

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example 1: Basic Filtering

Select all students who are in Grade 10.

उन सभी छात्रों को चुनें जो कक्षा 10 (Grade 10) में हैं।

SELECT * 
FROM Students 
WHERE Grade = 10;

StudentID	FirstName	LastName	Age	Grade	City	Marks
1	Rahul	Sharma	15	10	Delhi	85.5
3	Amit	Patel	16	10	Ahmedabad	NULL
4	Neha	Singh	15	10	Delhi	68.0

Line-by-Line Explanation:

• SELECT *: Retrieves all columns from the table.
• FROM Students: Specifies the source table.
• WHERE Grade = 10: Scans each row and keeps only those where the Grade column value equals 10.

पंक्ति-दर-पंक्ति विवरण:

• SELECT *: तालिका से सभी कॉलम प्राप्त करता है।
• FROM Students: स्रोत तालिका निर्दिष्ट करता है।
• WHERE Grade = 10: प्रत्येक पंक्ति की जाँच करता है और केवल उन्हीं को रखता है जहाँ Grade कॉलम का मान 10 के बराबर है।

Common Mistake (सामान्य गलती)

Forgetting single quotes around string/text values. Numbers do not need quotes, but text values do. Example: WHERE City = 'Delhi' is correct; WHERE City = Delhi will throw an error.

स्ट्रिंग/टेक्स्ट मानों के चारों ओर सिंगल कोट (single quotes) लगाना भूलना। संख्याओं को उद्धरणों की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है, लेकिन टेक्स्ट मानों को होती है। उदाहरण: WHERE City = 'Delhi' सही है; WHERE City = Delhi एक एरर देगा।

Interview Tip (इंटरव्यू टिप)

Remember that the WHERE clause executes before row grouping (GROUP BY) and before final projections (SELECT). It works on individual row-level data.

याद रखें कि WHERE क्लॉज रो ग्रुपिंग (GROUP BY) से पहले और अंतिम प्रोजेक्शन (SELECT) से पहले निष्पादित होता है। यह व्यक्तिगत रो-स्तर (row-level) के डेटा पर काम करता है।

3. SQL AND Operator (और ऑपरेटर)

The AND operator is used to filter records based on more than one condition. It returns a record if ALL conditions separated by AND evaluate to TRUE.

AND ऑपरेटर का उपयोग एक से अधिक शर्तों के आधार पर रिकॉर्ड को फ़िल्टर करने के लिए किया जाता है। यदि AND द्वारा अलग की गई सभी शर्तें TRUE (सत्य) होती हैं, तो यह रिकॉर्ड लौटाता है।

Syntax (सिंटैक्स)

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3;

Example: Multiple Conditions with AND

Find all students who are in Grade 10 AND live in 'Delhi'.

उन सभी छात्रों को खोजें जो कक्षा 10 में हैं और 'दिल्ली' में रहते हैं।

SELECT * 
FROM Students 
WHERE Grade = 10 AND City = 'Delhi';

StudentID	FirstName	LastName	Age	Grade	City	Marks
1	Rahul	Sharma	15	10	Delhi	85.5
4	Neha	Singh	15	10	Delhi	68.0

Explanation: Student Amit Patel is in Grade 10, but lives in Ahmedabad. Since both conditions (Grade = 10 AND City = 'Delhi') were not true, Amit was excluded.

विवरण: छात्र अमित पटेल कक्षा 10 में हैं, लेकिन अहमदाबाद में रहते हैं। चूंकि दोनों शर्तें (Grade = 10 और City = 'Delhi') सत्य नहीं थीं, इसलिए अमित को बाहर कर दिया गया था।

4. SQL OR Operator (या ऑपरेटर)

The OR operator displays a record if ANY of the conditions separated by OR evaluates to TRUE.

OR ऑपरेटर किसी रिकॉर्ड को तब प्रदर्शित करता है जब OR द्वारा अलग की गई शर्तों में से कोई भी एक शर्त TRUE (सत्य) होती है।

Syntax (सिंटैक्स)

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2;

Example: OR Filtering

Find students who live in either 'Delhi' OR 'Mumbai'.

उन छात्रों को खोजें जो 'दिल्ली' या 'मुंबई' में रहते हैं।

SELECT * 
FROM Students 
WHERE City = 'Delhi' OR City = 'Mumbai';

StudentID	FirstName	LastName	Age	Grade	City	Marks
1	Rahul	Sharma	15	10	Delhi	85.5
2	Priya	Verma	14	9	Mumbai	92.0
4	Neha	Singh	15	10	Delhi	68.0

Operator Precedence: Combining AND & OR

In SQL, AND takes priority over OR. Always use parentheses () to group conditions correctly when using both operators together!

SQL में, AND को OR से अधिक प्राथमिकता मिलती है। दोनों ऑपरेटरों का एक साथ उपयोग करते समय शर्तों को सही ढंग से समूहबद्ध करने के लिए हमेशा कोष्ठक () का उपयोग करें!

5. SQL IN Operator (आईएन ऑपरेटर)

The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause. It acts as a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.

IN ऑपरेटर आपको WHERE क्लॉज में कई मानों को निर्दिष्ट करने की अनुमति देता है। यह कई OR शर्तों के लिए एक छोटा (shorthand) तरीका है।

Syntax (सिंटैक्स)

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

Example: Clean Code with IN

Find students from Delhi, Mumbai, or Kolkata using IN operator.

IN ऑपरेटर का उपयोग करके दिल्ली, मुंबई या कोलकाता के छात्रों को खोजें।

SELECT * 
FROM Students 
WHERE City IN ('Delhi', 'Mumbai', 'Kolkata');

Why use IN over OR?

• Shorter and much easier to read.
• Executes faster when searching through long lists of values.
• Allows subqueries inside the list dynamically.

OR के बजाय IN का उपयोग क्यों करें?

• छोटा और पढ़ने में बहुत आसान।
• मानों की लंबी सूची के माध्यम से खोजते समय तेजी से निष्पादित होता है।
• सूची के भीतर गतिशील (dynamically) रूप से सबक्वेरी की अनुमति देता है।

6. SQL BETWEEN Operator (बीटवीन ऑपरेटर)

The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. The values can be numbers, text, or dates. It is inclusive, meaning both the start and end values are included in the results.

BETWEEN ऑपरेटर एक दी गई सीमा (range) के भीतर मानों का चयन करता है। मान संख्याएं, पाठ (text), या तिथियां हो सकती हैं। यह समावेशी (inclusive) है, जिसका अर्थ है कि प्रारंभ और अंत दोनों मान परिणामों में शामिल हैं।

Syntax (सिंटैक्स)

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

Example 1: Numeric Range

Find employees earning between 50,000 and 80,000.

50,000 और 80,000 के बीच कमाने वाले कर्मचारियों को खोजें।

SELECT * 
FROM Employees 
WHERE Salary BETWEEN 50000 AND 80000;

Example 2: Date Range Filtering

Find employees who joined between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022.

1 जनवरी 2021 और 31 दिसंबर 2022 के बीच शामिल होने वाले कर्मचारियों को खोजें।

SELECT * 
FROM Employees 
WHERE JoiningDate BETWEEN '2021-01-01' AND '2022-12-31';

7. SQL LIKE Operator & Wildcards (लाइक ऑपरेटर और वाइल्डकार्ड)

The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column.

LIKE ऑपरेटर का उपयोग WHERE क्लॉज में कॉलम में किसी विशिष्ट पैटर्न की खोज करने के लिए किया जाता है।

Wildcard Characters Table

Wildcard	Description (English)	विवरण (Hindi)	Example Query Pattern
%	Represents zero, one, or multiple characters	शून्य, एक, या कई वर्णों को दर्शाता है	'a%' (Starts with 'a')
_	Represents a single specified character	एक एकल विशिष्ट वर्ण को दर्शाता है	'_a%' ('a' in second position)

Real-Life Search Examples

• WHERE FirstName LIKE 'A%': Names starting with 'A' (e.g., Aarav, Amit, Ananya).
• WHERE FirstName LIKE '%a': Names ending with 'a' (e.g., Priya, Neha, Sanya).
• WHERE FirstName LIKE '%ha%': Names containing 'ha' anywhere (e.g., Rahul, Neha).
• WHERE FirstName LIKE '_r%': Names with 'r' as second letter (e.g., Priya).

• WHERE FirstName LIKE 'A%': 'A' से शुरू होने वाले नाम (जैसे, Aarav, Amit, Ananya)।
• WHERE FirstName LIKE '%a': 'a' पर समाप्त होने वाले नाम (जैसे, Priya, Neha, Sanya)।
• WHERE FirstName LIKE '%ha%': नाम जिनमें कहीं भी 'ha' शामिल हो (जैसे, Rahul, Neha)।
• WHERE FirstName LIKE '_r%': नाम जिनमें अक्षर 'r' दूसरे स्थान पर हो (जैसे, Priya)।

8. SQL IS NULL & IS NOT NULL (नल मान फ़िल्टरिंग)

A field with a NULL value is a field with no value. It represents missing or unknown data. You cannot use arithmetic comparison operators such as = or <> to test for NULL. You must use IS NULL or IS NOT NULL.

NULL मान वाला फ़ील्ड बिना किसी मान वाला फ़ील्ड है। यह गायब या अज्ञात डेटा का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। आप NULL की जाँच के लिए = या <> जैसे गणितीय तुलना ऑपरेटरों का उपयोग नहीं कर सकते। आपको IS NULL या IS NOT NULL का उपयोग करना होगा।

Example: Finding Missing Data

Find all students whose test marks were NOT recorded (missing marks).

उन सभी छात्रों को खोजें जिनके परीक्षा अंक दर्ज नहीं किए गए थे (लापता अंक)।

SELECT * 
FROM Students 
WHERE Marks IS NULL;

StudentID	FirstName	LastName	Age	Grade	City	Marks
3	Amit	Patel	16	10	Ahmedabad	NULL

Critical Mistake (गंभीर गलती)

Never write WHERE Marks = NULL. In SQL standard SQL, comparing anything to NULL using '=' yields UNKNOWN, returning zero rows!

कभी भी WHERE Marks = NULL न लिखें। SQL मानक में, '=' का उपयोग करके किसी भी चीज़ की NULL से तुलना करने पर UNKNOWN प्राप्त होता है, जिससे शून्य पंक्तियाँ मिलती हैं!

9. Comprehensive Operator Comparison Tables

Comparison 1: WHERE vs HAVING

Feature	WHERE Clause	HAVING Clause
Scope	Filters individual rows before grouping.	Filters aggregated groups after GROUP BY.
Aggregate Functions	Cannot contain aggregate functions (e.g., SUM, AVG).	Can contain aggregate functions.
Performance	Faster because it reduces dataset early.	Evaluated later in statement processing.

Comparison 2: NULL vs Empty String ('')

Aspect	NULL Value	Empty String ('')
Meaning	Absence of data / Unknown value.	Known text value with zero length.
Memory Allocation	Takes 0 bytes / special byte tracking.	Occupies memory as a string.
SQL Test	WHERE col IS NULL	WHERE col = ''

10. Real-Life Project: School Management System Filtering

Let's look at how filter queries are implemented in actual software user interfaces for a School Management System.

आइए देखें कि स्कूल प्रबंधन प्रणाली के लिए वास्तविक सॉफ़्टवेयर यूजर इंटरफेस में फ़िल्टर प्रश्नों को कैसे लागू किया जाता है।

Module A: Fee Default Tracking

Query to find all active students in Grade 10 from Delhi who have pending fee records or unassigned marks:

दिल्ली के कक्षा 10 के उन सभी सक्रिय छात्रों को खोजने के लिए प्रश्न जिनके पास लंबित शुल्क रिकॉर्ड या असाइन न किए गए अंक हैं:

SELECT StudentID, FirstName, LastName, City, Marks
FROM Students
WHERE Grade = 10 
  AND City = 'Delhi' 
  AND (Marks IS NULL OR Marks < 70.0);

Module B: Honor Roll Student Identification

Find students who scored 85 or above, excluding missing scores, ordered from highest to lowest:

लापता अंकों को छोड़कर, उच्चतम से निम्नतम क्रम में 85 या उससे अधिक अंक प्राप्त करने वाले छात्रों को खोजें:

SELECT FirstName, LastName, Marks
FROM Students
WHERE Marks IS NOT NULL 
  AND Marks >= 85.0;

11. Key Takeaways Summary (मुख्य विचार)

Operator	Purpose	Quick Syntax Example
WHERE	Filter individual rows based on condition	WHERE Age > 18
AND	Combine multiple conditions; all must be TRUE	WHERE Age > 18 AND Status = 'Active'
OR	Combine conditions; at least one must be TRUE	WHERE City = 'Delhi' OR City = 'Noida'
IN	Match any value in a list	WHERE Role IN ('Admin', 'Teacher')
BETWEEN	Filter values within inclusive range	WHERE Salary BETWEEN 40000 AND 90000
LIKE	Pattern matching with % and _ wildcards	WHERE Name LIKE 'J%'
IS NULL	Check for missing/unassigned values	WHERE ManagerID IS NULL

12. 25 Beginner SQL Interview Questions & Answers

1. What is the primary purpose of the WHERE clause?
   Answer: It filters rows returned by a query based on specified conditional criteria.
2. Can you use column aliases in a WHERE clause? Why or why not?
   Answer: No, because the WHERE clause is evaluated before the SELECT clause assigns aliases in SQL execution order.
3. What is the difference between AND and OR operators?
   Answer: AND requires all conditions to be TRUE; OR requires only one condition to be TRUE.
4. How does SQL handle comparison with NULL values?
   Answer: Standard comparisons (=, !=) return UNKNOWN. You must use IS NULL or IS NOT NULL.
5. Is the BETWEEN operator inclusive or exclusive?
   Answer: It is inclusive. Both boundary values are included in the result.
6. What does the % wildcard represent in a LIKE operator query?
   Answer: Zero, one, or multiple characters.
7. What does the _ (underscore) wildcard represent?
   Answer: Exactly one single character.
8. Write a query to find names ending with 'son'.
   Answer: SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Name LIKE '%son';
9. What is the performance advantage of IN over multiple OR conditions?
   Answer: IN is cleaner to write and databases optimize IN lists using index lookups better.
10. How do you negate a BETWEEN condition?
    Answer: By using NOT BETWEEN.
11. What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING?
    Answer: WHERE filters individual rows before grouping; HAVING filters aggregated groups.
12. Does SQL LIKE matching case-sensitive?
    Answer: It depends on database collation (e.g., MySQL default is case-insensitive, PostgreSQL LIKE is case-sensitive).
13. How to test if a string is empty vs NULL?
    Answer: Use WHERE col = '' for empty strings and WHERE col IS NULL for NULL values.
14. Can we use multiple AND and OR conditions in one query?
    Answer: Yes, using parentheses to control evaluation order.
15. What happens if both sides of an AND condition are NULL?
    Answer: The expression evaluates to NULL (UNKNOWN).
16. What query returns employees who do NOT have a manager assigned?
    Answer: SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE ManagerID IS NULL;
17. How do you perform wildcards literal search if text has '%'?
    Answer: Use an ESCAPE character, e.g., LIKE '10\%' ESCAPE '\'.
18. What operator is used to search for values within a set returned by a subquery?
    Answer: The IN or EXISTS operator.
19. Is WHERE 1=1 valid SQL syntax?
    Answer: Yes, it always evaluates to TRUE and is often used in dynamic query builders.
20. Which operator is best suited for date range queries?
    Answer: The BETWEEN operator or logical operators (>= AND <=).
21. What is the evaluation order of NOT, AND, and OR?
    Answer: NOT has the highest precedence, followed by AND, then OR.
22. Can WHERE clause be used with UPDATE statements?
    Answer: Yes, to filter which rows get updated. Without WHERE, all rows are updated!
23. Can WHERE clause be used with DELETE statements?
    Answer: Yes, to specify which records to delete.
24. How to select records where a column value is NOT IN a list?
    Answer: Use WHERE column NOT IN (val1, val2).
25. What is the output of SELECT * FROM Table WHERE NULL = NULL;?
    Answer: Zero rows, because NULL comparison yields UNKNOWN.

13. 25 Practice Questions (Abhyas Prashn)

Easy Level (आसान स्तर)

1. Write a SQL query to select all employees from the 'IT' department.
2. Find all students who are 15 years old.
3. Select all employees whose salary is greater than 60,000.
4. List all students living in 'Mumbai'.
5. Find all employees hired after '2022-01-01'.
6. List all students whose marks are less than 75.
7. Find employees with EmpID equal to 103.
8. Select all students in Grade 9.

Medium Level (मध्यम स्तर)

9. Select students living in 'Delhi' AND having age equal to 15.
10. Find employees working in 'IT' OR 'Finance' departments.
11. Retrieve all students whose age is in the list (14, 16).
12. Find all employees earning between 50,000 and 80,000 using BETWEEN.
13. Select students whose FirstName starts with 'R'.
14. Find all employees whose name ends with 'a'.
15. Select all students whose marks value is currently missing (NULL).
16. Retrieve employees who do NOT work in HR department.
17. Select all students whose city is NOT IN ('Delhi', 'Mumbai').

Challenge Level (कठिन स्तर)

18. Find IT employees earning over 70,000 OR HR employees earning over 45,000.
19. Select students whose second letter of FirstName is 'a'.
20. Write a query using BETWEEN to select students aged 14 to 16 excluding those from 'Delhi'.
21. Retrieve all employees whose JoiningDate is in year 2022 using LIKE.
22. Find students whose Marks are NOT NULL and greater than 80.
23. Write a query combining WHERE, IN, and LIKE to find students from 'Delhi' or 'Mumbai' whose name contains 'a'.
24. Select employees whose ManagerID is NOT NULL and Department = 'IT'.
25. Write a query to handle NULL marks by returning students who either have NULL marks OR marks below 40.

14. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: How do I filter text data with case sensitivity in SQL?

In most SQL dialects (like MySQL), default text searches are case-insensitive. You can use the BINARY keyword (in MySQL) or COLLATE options to force case sensitivity.

Q2: What is the difference between IN and EXISTS in SQL filtering?

IN evaluates a literal list or subquery values, whereas EXISTS checks for the presence of rows returned by a subquery. EXISTS is generally faster for large datasets.

Q3: Why is my SQL BETWEEN query not including end-date values?

If your date column contains time stamps (e.g., '2023-12-31 14:30:00'), querying BETWEEN '2023-01-01' AND '2023-12-31' truncates the end date to '2023-12-31 00:00:00', excluding later times on that day.

Q4: Can I use multiple WHERE clauses in a single query?

No, a single SELECT statement can only have one WHERE clause. Combine multiple conditions using logical operators like AND and OR.

Q5: What is the cleanest way to search for multiple string patterns?

You can use regular expressions (REGEXP or RLIKE in MySQL/PostgreSQL) instead of multiple LIKE conditions connected with OR.

Q6: Does filtering using WHERE improve query performance?

Yes, filtering with indexed columns in the WHERE clause dramatically speeds up performance by scanning fewer rows.

Q7: Can I use aggregate functions inside a WHERE clause?

No, functions like SUM(), AVG(), or COUNT() cannot be placed in a WHERE clause. Use the HAVING clause instead.

Q8: What does WHERE 1=0 do?

It returns an empty result set while preserving the table structure/column names. It is often used to copy table structures.

Q9: How do I search for a literal % or _ character using LIKE?

You must escape the wildcard using an escape character, such as LIKE '%\%' ESCAPE '\'.

Q10: Is NOT (A AND B) the same as NOT A AND NOT B?

No, according to De Morgan's laws, NOT (A AND B) is equivalent to NOT A OR NOT B.

Q11: Can I filter data using subqueries in a WHERE clause?

Yes, subqueries are commonly used inside WHERE clauses with operators like IN, ANY, or ALL.

Q12: What happens if I perform IN (1, 2, NULL)?

Matching values (1 or 2) return TRUE. Non-matching rows evaluate to UNKNOWN and are excluded.

Q13: What is the alternative to LIKE for complex string pattern matching?

Regex operators such as REGEXP (MySQL), ~ (PostgreSQL), or PATINDEX (SQL Server).

Q14: How to filter data when joining two tables?

You can place conditions either in the ON clause of the JOIN or in the main WHERE clause.

Q15: Why should I avoid placing functions on columns in WHERE clauses?

Applying functions like WHERE YEAR(JoiningDate) = 2022 prevents the database from using indexes on that column (Non-SARGable query).

⬅ SQL Basic Commands SQL Sorting (ORDER BY) ➡

Recommended Further Reading

• Understanding SQL JOINs: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL JOIN
• SQL GROUP BY and Aggregate Functions Explained
• Database Indexing Techniques for High Performance Queries

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